Bench-Ends Carving DesignsThe History of the Origin of the Design Period Known as Early American Colonial Furniture

And these works following doe properlie belong to the Carpenter.

2. Item . . . all . . . Stooles whatsoever that are to be headed with Oake Elme Beeche or Deal and footed with square or round feet Except all framed stooles glued or pinned. . . .

From this it is clear that the joiner might not use nails, but was confined to framing, pinning (with wooden pins or dowels) and glueing, while the carpenter might not use joints. Chairs, forms, stools for the dairy, wash-house, kitchen, or workshop were carpenter's work ; articles for the " best rooms " were joiner's work.

Plate XIX
Bench-Ends Carving Designs

Bench-End from Lapford, Devon with Renaissance Influence